Bibliografía

1. Fischl MA et al. The efficacy of AZT in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS related complex. N Engl J Med 1987;317:185-202.

2. Volberding PA et al. Zidovudina in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1990;322:941-9.

3. Meng TC et al. Combination zidovudine and ddC in patients with advanced HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:13-20.

4. Bartlett J: Protease inhibitor for HIV infection. Ann Inter Med. 1996;124:1086-1088.

5. Saravolatz L et al. AZT alone or in combination with ddI or zalcitabine in hiv infected patients with AIDS or fewer than 200 CD4 cells per cubic milimeter. N Engl J Med.1996;335:10099-106.

6. Delta: a randominazed double blind controlled trial comparing combinations of AZT plus ddI or ddC with AZT alone in HIV individuals. Lancet 1996;348:283-91

7. Hammer S et al. A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons HIV and CD4 cells counts of 200 per cubic millieter or less. N Engl J Med 1997;337:725-733.

8. Montaner J, Reiss P, Cooper D, Vella S, Harris M, Comway B et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-conytoled trial comparing combinations of nevirapine,ddI and AZT for HIV patients: The INCAS trial. JAMA. 1998;279:930-937.

9. Connor EM,  Sperling R, Gelber R, Kiselev P, Scott P et al. Reduction of maternal infant transmission of HIV type 1 with AZT treatment: P 076.  N Engl J Med 331:1173-80,1994.

10. Powderly WG , Landay A, Lederman MM. Recovery of the immune system with antiretroviral therapy: An end of opportunism? JAMA 1998;280:72-77.

11. Carr A, SamarasK, Burton S, Law  et al. A syndrome of peripheral lipodistrophy, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resisteance in patients receiving protease inhibitor. AIDS1998 May 7; 12(7):f51-8

12. Sattler F, Qian D, Louie S, et al. Elevated blood pressure in subjects with lipodystrophy. AIDS, 2001 Oct 19; 15(15):2001-10

13. Carr A, Miller J, Eisman JA, Cooper DA. Osteopenia in HIV-infected men: association with asymptomatic lactic academia and lower weight pre-antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2001;15:703-9

14. Delgado J, Harris M, Tesiorowski A, Montaner JSG. Symptomatic elevations of lactic acid and their response to treatment manipulation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons: a case series. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:2072-4.

15. Martin JL, Brown CE, Matthews-Davis N, Reardon JE. Effects of antiviral nucleoside analogs on human DNA polymerases and mitochondrial DNA synthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:2743-2749.

16. Johnson AA, Ray AS, Hanes J, Suo Z, Colacino JM, Anderson KS, et al. Toxicity of antiviral nucleoside analogs and the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase. J Biol Chem 2001;276:40847-57.

17. Lim SE, Copeland WC. Differential incorporation and removal of antiviral deoxynucleotides by human DNA polymerase gamma. J Biol Chem 2001;276: 23616-23.

18. Cote HCF, Brumme ZL, Craib KJP, Alexander CS, Wynhoven B, Ting L, Montaner J et al. Changes in mitochondrial DNA as a marker of nucleoside toxicity in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med 2002;346:811-20.

19. Chen CH, Vazquez-Padua M, Cheng YC. Effect of anti-human immunodeficiency virus nucleoside analogues on mitochondrial DNA and its implication for delayed toxicity. Mol Pharmacol 1991;39:625-8.

20. Lai KK, Gang, Zawaccki D, Cooley TP; Fulminant hepatic failure associated with ddI. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:283-284.

21. Mhiri C, Baudrimont M, Geny C, Degoul F, et al. Zidovudine myopathy: a distintive disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfuntion. Ann. Neurol 1991;29:606-614.

22. Chattha G, Arieff A, Cummings C, Tierney; Lactic acidosis complicating the AIDS. Ann Inter Med 1993, 118:37-39.

23. Lenzo N, Garas B, French M. Hepatic steatosis and acidosis associated with stavudine treatment in an HIV-1 patient: a case report. AIDS 1997;11:1294-6.

24. Mokrzycki M, Harris C, May H, Palmisano J. Lactic acidosis associated with stavudine administratio: A report of five cases. Clinical infectious Diseases. 2000;30:198-200.

25. Boxwell et al. Lactic acidosis in patientes receiving NRTIs. Poster 1284. 39^th Annual ICCAC. 1999. San Francisco. EEUU.

26. Galera C, Redondo C, Poza G, Garcia M, Gomez H, Ruiperez J, et al. Symptomatic hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis syndrome in HIV patients treated with nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) [abstract 517]. 1st IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment; 2001 July 8-11; Buenos Aires.

27. Gerard Y, Maulin L, Yazdanpanah Y, et al. Symptomatic hyperlactataemia: an emerging complication of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2000;14:2723-2730.

28. Falco V, Rodríguez D, Riveca E, Martinez E, Miro JM, Domingo P, Pahissa A. et al. Severe nucleoside-associated lactic acidosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: report of 12 cases and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:838-46.

29. Arenas-Pinto, Grant AD; Edwards S; Weller IV. Sex Transm Infect. Lactic acidosis in HIV infected patients: a systematic review of published cases.  2003 Aug, 79 (4): 340-343.

30. Ochoa C, Quercia R, Mittelman G; Sisto A; Perez h; Cahn P and Zala C.l; Antiretroviral therapy following NRTI related symptomatic hiperlactataemia 2nd International AIDS Conference, 2003 13-16 July,Paris. (abstract 748)

31. Bonnet F, Bonarek M, Morlat P, mercier P et al. Risk factors for lactic acidosis in HIV-infected patients treated with nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis.2003 May 15;36(10):1324-8.

32. Moyle G, Datta D, Mandalia S, Morlese J, et al. Hyperlactataemia and lactic acidosis during antiretroviral therapy:relevance, reproducibility and possible risk factos. AIDS,2002,vol 16 (10):1341-49.

33. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV enfected adults and adolescents. (DHHS)julio 14-2003.

34. Carr A, Miller J, Law M et al. A syndrome of lipoatrophy, lactic acidaemia and liver dysfunction associated with HIV nucleoside analogue theraphy: contribution to protease inhibitor-related lipodystrophy syndrome. AIDS 2000; 14:F25-32.

35. Marceau G, Sapin V, Jacomet C, Ughetto S, et al. Frecuency, risk factors, and outcome of hyperlactataemia in HIV positive persons: implication for the management of treated patients. Clin Chem, 2003 Jul;49(7):1154-62

36. Lewis W, Dalakas MC. Mitochondrial toxicity of antiviral drugs. Nat Med        1995;1:417-422.

37. Brinkman K, ter Hofstede HJM, Burger DM, Smeitink JAM, Koopmans PP. Adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors: mitochondrial toxicity as common pathway. AIDS 1998;12:1735-1744.

38. Kakuda TN. Pharmacology of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Clin Ther 2000;22:685-708.

39. Carr A, Cooper DA. Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 2000;356:1423-1430.

40. Chariot P, Drogou I, de Lacroix-Szamani I, Eliezer-Vanerot, Zafrani ES et al Zidovudine-induced mitochondrial disorder with massive liver steatosis, myopathy, lactic acidosisand mitochondrial DNA depletion. J Hepatol.1999 Jan;30 (1):156-160.

41. Dalakas MC, Semino-Mora C, Leon-Monzon M. Mitochondrial alterations with mitochondrial DNA depletion in the nerves of AIDS patients with peripheral neuropathy induced by 2'3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC). Lab Invest 2001;81:1537-1544.

42. Brinkman K, Smeitink JA, Romijn JA, Reiss P. Mitochondrial toxicity induced by nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors is a key factor in the pathogenesis of antiretroviral-therapy-related lipodystrophy. Lancet 1999;364:1112-1115.

43. Kakuda TN, Brundage RC, Anderson PL, Fletcher CV. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity as an etiology for lipodystrophy. AIDS 1999;13:2311-2312.

44. Mallal SA, John M, Moore CB, James IR, McKinnon EJ. Contribution of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors to subcutaneous fat wasting in patients with HIV infection. AIDS 2000;14:1309-1316.

45. Zaera MG, Miro O, Pedrol E, et al. Mitochondrial involvement in antiretroviral therapy-related lipodystrophy. AIDS 2001;15:1643-1651.

46. McKenzie R, Fried MW, Sallie R, et al. Hepatic failure and lactic acidosis due to fialuridine (FIAU), an investigational nucleoside analogue for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1099-1105.

47. Lafeuillade A, Hittinger G, Chadapaud S. Increased mitochondrial toxicity with ribavirin in HIV/HCV coinfection. Lancet 2001;357:280-281.

48. Sinnwell TM, Sivakumar K, Soueidan S, et al. Metabolic abnormalities in skeletal muscle of patients receiving zidovudine therapy observed by 31P in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Clin Invest 1995;96:126-131.

49. Lonergan JT, Behling C, Pfander H, Hassanein TI, Mathews WC. Hyperlactatemia and hepatic abnormalities in 10 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving nucleoside analogue combination regimens. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:162-166.

50. John M, Moore CB, James IR, Nolan D, Upton RP et al. Chronic hyperlactatemia in HIV-infected patients taking antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2001;15:717-723.

51. Fortgang IS, Belitsos PC, Chaisson RE, Moore RD. Hepatomegaly and steatosis in HIV-infected patients receiving nucleoside analog antiretroviral therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:1433-1436.

52. Powderly,W. Long-term exposure to lifelong therapies.JAIDS 2002; vol29,sup 1: 28-40.

53. ter Hofstede HJ, de Marie S, Foudraine NA, Danner SA, Brinkman K. Clinical features and risk factors of lactic acidosis following long-term antiretroviral therapy: 4 fatal cases. Int J STD AIDS 2000;11:611-616.

54. Carr A, Morey A, Mallon P, Williams D, Thorburn DR. Fatal portal hypertension, liver failure, and mitochondrial dysfunction after HIV-1 nucleoside analogue-induced hepatitis and lactic acidaemia. Lancet 2001;357:1412-1414.

55. Moyle G. Clinical manifestation and management of antiretroviral nucleoside analog-related mitochondrial toxicity. Clinical Ther 2000; 22:911-36.

56. Fouty B, Frerman F, reves R. Riboflavin to treat nucleoside analogue-induced lactic acidosis. Lancet 1998;352:291-2.

57. Luzatti R, Del Bravo P, Di Pierri G et al. Riboflavin and severe lactic acidosis. Lancet 1999; 353:901-2

58. Boubaker K, Flepp M, Sudre P, Furrer H, Haensel A et al. Hyperlactataemia and antirretroviral therapy; the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Clin Infect Dis 2001 1;33(11):1931-7

59. Hocqueloux L, Alberti C, Feugeas J, Lafaurie M, Lukasiewicz E, et al.        Prevalence, risk factors and outcome of hyperlactataemia in HIV-infected patients. HIV Med. 2003 Jan;4(1):18-23

60. Brinkman K. Management of hyperlactatemia: no need for routine lactate

61. Brew B, Tisch S, Law M. Lactate concentrations distinguish between nucleosideneuropathy and HIV distal symmetrical sensory polyneuroipathy. 8^th CROI, Chicago, February 4-8, 2001; AIDS 2001;15:795-797.