Bibliografía

1. Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the surgical intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1359-1367.
    

2. Coursin DB, Connery LE, Ketzler JT. Perioperative diabetic and hyperglycemic management issues. Crit Care Med. 2004 Apr;32(4 Suppl)
    

3. Umpierrez, G.; Isaacs, S.; Bazargan, N.; et al. Hyperglycemia: An Independent Marker of In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Undiagnosed Diabetes The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 87, No. 3 978-982
    

4. Krinsley JC. Association between hyperglycemia and increase hospital mortality in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78:1471-1478
    

5. Capas, S., Hunt, D., Malmberg, K., Gerstein, H. Stress hyperglycemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic overview. Lancet 2000; 355:773-778
    

6. Capas, S., Hunt, D., Malmberg, K., et al Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients. A sistematic overview Stroke 2001;32:2426-2432
    

7. Yendamuri, S., Fulda, GJ., Tinkoff, GH., Admission hyperglycemia as a prognostic indicator in trauma. J Trauma 2003; 55:33-38
    

8. Furnary AP, Zerr KJ, Grunkemeier GL, Starr A. Continuous intravenous insulin infusion reduces the incidence of deep sternal wound infection in diabetic patients after cardiac surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:352-362.
    

9. Malmberg K. Prospective randomised study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus: DIGAMI (Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Study Group. BMJ. 1997;314:1512-1515.
    

10. Krinsley, JS., Effect of an intensive glucose management on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79(8):992-1000
     

11. Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive Insulin Therapy in the Medical ICU. N Eng J Med 2006;354: 449-460
     

12. Mizock, B., Alterations in carbohydrate matabolism during stress: A review of the literature. Am J of Med. 1995; 98: 75-84
     

13. Weissman, C. Nutrition in the intensive care unit. Critical Care 1999; 3:67-65
     

14. Hotchkiss, RS., Kart IE. Reevaluation of the role of cellular hipoxia and bioenergetic failure in sepsis. JAMA. 1992;267:1503-1519
     

15. Preiser, J., Devos, P., Van den Berghe, G. Tight control of glycaemia in critically ill patients. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2002 5:533-537.
     

16. Rayfield EJ, Ault MJ, Keusch GT, et al. Infection and diabetes: the case for glucose control. Am J Med 1982; 72:439-450.
     

17. Baird, T., Parsons, M., Phanh, T., et al. Persistent Poststroke Hyperglycemia Is Independently Associated With Infarct Expansion and Worse Clinical Outcome. Stroke. 2003;34:2208-2214
     

18. Bolk J, van der Ploeg T, Cornel JH, et al. Impaired glucose metabolism predicts mortality after a myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2001; 79:207-214.
     

19. Kagansky N, Levy S, Knobler H. The role of hyperglycemia in acute stroke. Arch Neurol 2001; 58:1209-1212.
     

20. Baird, T., Parsons,M.,Phanh, T., et al. Persistent Poststroke Hyperglycemia Is Independently Associated With Infarct Expansion and Worse Clinical Outcome. Stroke 2003;34:2208-2214
     

21. Demchuk AM, Morgenstern LB, Krieger DW, et al. Serum glucose level and diabetes
    predict tissue plasminogen activator–related intracerebral hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1999;30:34 –39.
     

22. Van den Berghe, G. How does blood glucose control with insulin save lives in intensive care? Clin. Invest. 2004; 114:1187–1195
     

23. Scott JF, Robinson GM, French JM, O’Connell JE, Alberti KG, Gray CS.
    Glucose potassium insulin infusions in the treatment of acute stroke patients with mild to moderate hyperglycemia: the Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST). Stroke. 1999;30:793–799.
     

24. Chinsky, K. The Evolving Paradigm of Hyperglycemia and Critical Illness. Chest. 2004;126:674-676
     

25. Pittas, A., Siegel, R., Lau, J. Insulin Therapy for Critically Ill Hospitalized Patients
    A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:2005-2011
     

26. Van den Berghe, G, Wouters, R, Weekers, F, et al Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: insulin dose versus glycemic control. Crit Care Med 2003;31,359-366
     

27. Mesotten, D., Swinnen, J., Vanderhoydonc, F., Wouters, P. Van den Berghe, G. Contribution of Circulating Lipids to the Improved Outcome of Critical Illness by Glycemic Control with Intensive Insulin Therapy J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 219–226, 2004
     

28. Hansen, TK., Thiel, S., Wouters, P., Christiansen, J.,Van den Berghe G. Intensive Insulin Therapy Exerts Antiinflammatory Effects in Critically Ill Patients and Counteracts the Adverse Effect of Low Mannose-Binding Lectin Levels J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1082–1088, 2003
     

29. Gao F., et al. Nitric oxide mediates the antiapoptotic effect of insulin in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion: the role of PI3-kinase, Akt, and eNOS phosphorylation. Circulation. 2002 105:1497–1502.